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7 MIN · Module

Misinformation, disinformation and misleading framing

How to tell an honest error from deliberate deception, and both from material that is true but arranged to mislead, and what repetition does to all three.

Misleading without lying

A statement can be accurate in every word and still leave your audience believing something false. That is the difficulty at the centre of this module. 'Is it true?' is a necessary question for anyone who publishes, but it is not a sufficient one. Policy debate in Europe, including at the Council of Europe and in EU institutions, commonly separates…

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